Sergii Baidachnyi

Windows 10 API supports not just Bluetooth Low Energy devices, but allows you to utilize RFCOMM protocol as the most widespread since Bluetooth invention. Even if your module doesn’t support BLE, you always can use RFCOMM. As in the case of BLE Windows 10 allows you to publish RFCOMM services or work with other services as a client.

I decided to implement client only, and for a server I used a cheap Bluetooth module HC-06. It’s possible to buy the module for couple dollars and you can find lots of videos and examples about how to connect it to Arduino board. But you can use any available Bluetooth module. Just in case you can find a schema below:

My module wasn’t on a plate with a voltage regulator. So, I decided to add a voltage divider for TX->RX connection, because Arduino generate 5 volts there rather than 3.3 volts. If you have a module like on the schema above (with the regulator), you still can use the divider, and it will not break your circuit.

To communicate with the module from Arduino, you can simply use the serial port. So, I connected TX and RX pins on Arduino to RX and TX pins on the module. Additionally, I connected 3.3V and GRN on Arduino to VCC and GRN on the module.

I setup my module to use 115200 speed and changed the name of the module to rfcommhc06. You can do it connection the module to your computer using USB to Serial adapter and execute some AT commands (AT+NAMErfcommhc06 and AT+BAUD8).

Finally, I could implement a very simple code for Arduino:

void setup()
{
   Serial.begin(115200);
   pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
byte blue;
void loop()
{
   if(Serial.available())
   {
      blue=Serial.read();
      Serial.write(blue);
      if (blue==3)
      {
         digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
      }
      else if(blue==2)
      {
         digitalWrite(13,LOW);
      }
      Serial.write(blue);
   }
}

This code read data from serial port using infinity loop and one there is 3, it sends high voltage to pin number 13. In the case if 2 is in the stream, it sends low voltage to pin 13. Because pin 13 are connected with a LED on Arduino Uno boards, the led will switch status between on and off depends on input data. At the end of each iteration, I send all incoming data back.

If you finish your circuit and deploy the code successfully, it’s time to start developing a client for Windows 10.

The first part of our code will look similar to BLE example. We have to start watcher and declare handlers for Added and Removed events:

DeviceWatcher deviceWatcher;
DataWriter tx;
DataReader rx;
StreamSocket stream;
protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
   deviceWatcher = DeviceInformation.CreateWatcher(
      "System.ItemNameDisplay:~~\"rfcommhc\"",
      null,
      DeviceInformationKind.AssociationEndpoint);
   deviceWatcher.Added += DeviceWatcher_Added;
   deviceWatcher.Removed += DeviceWatcher_Removed;
   deviceWatcher.Start();
   base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
}

The DeviceWatcher_Added method will looks different compare to BLE example.

private async void DeviceWatcher_Added(DeviceWatcher sender,
   DeviceInformation args)
{
   var device = await BluetoothDevice.FromIdAsync(args.Id);
   var services = await device.GetRfcommServicesAsync();
   if (services.Services.Count>0)
   {
      var service = services.Services[0];
      stream = new StreamSocket();
      await stream.ConnectAsync(service.ConnectionHostName,
      service.ConnectionServiceName);
      rx = new DataReader(stream.InputStream);
      tx = new DataWriter(stream.OutputStream);
      await this.Dispatcher.RunAsync(
         Windows.UI.Core.CoreDispatcherPriority.Normal,
         () => { switchLed.IsEnabled = true; });
      deviceWatcher.Stop();
   }
}

First, we use the BluetoothDevice class rather than BluetoothLEDevice. Once we have a reference to the device, the GetRfcommServiceAsync method helps us to get list of all available services. Our Arduino code is very primitive and we have just one service. Once we have a reference to the service, we can use the StreamSocket class to establish a connection to the Bluetooth module and get references to input and output streams.

Finally, we can use DataReader and DataWriter classes to start working with the module like with a virtual serial port:

private async void ToggleSwitch_Toggled(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
   byte data = 2;
   if (switchLed.IsOn)
   {
      data = 3;
   }
   tx.WriteByte(data);
   await tx.StoreAsync();
   uint buf;
   buf = await rx.LoadAsync(1);
   var symbol = rx.ReadByte();
   Debug.WriteLine(data);
}

If you want to develop something more for Arduino and Windows 10, I would recommend to use Remote Wiring project (https://github.com/ms-iot/remote-wiring) that can help you control Arduino board using your own UWP application.

Bluetooth Low Energy can be used to implement beacons. Usually beacons are not designed for pairing and simply broadcast data making them available for everybody. You can use beacons in a mall to notify shoppers about some deals, or in quests, notifying players about some treasures in the area, or even for people with disabilities notifying them about surrounding environment. Today, almost all mobile devices support Bluetooth Low Energy and advertisement feature there and you even can find some SDKs for Android and iOS that implement own data payload specifications (Eddystone and iBeacon) based on Bluetooth Low Energy Advertisement. Thanks to the specifications you can understand what kind of data is broadcasting and use them in your applications even if a beacon was implemented by somebody else.

In the case of Universal Windows Platform you have access to a special namespace Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Advertisement that can help you receive and send data using BLE Advertisement. Using this namespace you can implement classes that will use existing payload specifications or simply broadcast data in your own way.

To implement advertisement example, I am not going to use any microcontroller. Instead, I would recommend to use just Windows 10 computers. In general, any Windows 10 computer can send and receive advertisement, but in some cases, it’s not true and some Bluetooth radio adapters don’t support broadcasting advertisement data.

To understand if your adapter supports broadcasting, you can simply execute the following line of code:

BluetoothAdapter adapter = await BluetoothAdapter.GetDefaultAsync();

And just check adapter’s property using Debugger:

You can see that there is a property IsAdvertisementOffloadSupported that shows if your adapter can broadcast advertisement. In my case this property is true.

Ok, let’s start with code that broadcast some data:

BluetoothLEAdvertisementPublisher publisher;
protected async override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    var manufacturerData =
        new BluetoothLEManufacturerData();
    var writer = new DataWriter();
    writer.WriteString("Buy our socks for a dollar");
    manufacturerData.CompanyId = 0xFFFE;
    manufacturerData.Data = writer.DetachBuffer();
    publisher =
        new BluetoothLEAdvertisementPublisher();
    publisher.Advertisement.ManufacturerData.Add(manufacturerData);
    publisher.StatusChanged += Publisher_StatusChanged;
    publisher.Start();
    base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
    }
private void Publisher_StatusChanged(BluetoothLEAdvertisementPublisher sender,
    BluetoothLEAdvertisementPublisherStatusChangedEventArgs args)
{
    Debug.WriteLine(args.Status.ToString());
}

In our case we made all preparation work using the BluetoothLEManufacturerData class. We used this class just in order to simplify our work, because we are not going to broadcast anything special, but in the most cases you will use the DataSections property rather than the ManufacturerData property. Exactly DataSections contains all payloads and filling ManufacturerData you automatically add a section to DataSections collection. But working with the BluetoothLEAdvertisementDataSection class to fill DataSections is a little bit more complicated, because you need to know different data types from BLE specification, form a header that will include special flags and size of the buffer and so on. In the case of the BluetoothLEManufacturerData class you can write your data directly and all what you need is just provide a company id. Using this link (https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/assigned-numbers/company-identifiers), you can find some hardcoded company ids for companies like Apple and Microsoft. Therefore, I selected the first available ID from the end. Additionally, I implemented the StatusChanged event handler to make sure that my application starts broadcasting data.

Therefore, we have a publisher that broadcasts a text message. Now, we can create a watcher that will receive our advertisement. Let’s look at the following code:

private BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcher watcher;
protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    watcher = new BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcher();
    watcher.SignalStrengthFilter.InRangeThresholdInDBm = -70;
    var manufacturerData =
        new BluetoothLEManufacturerData();
    manufacturerData.CompanyId = 0xFFFE;
    watcher.AdvertisementFilter.Advertisement.ManufacturerData.Add(
        manufacturerData);
    watcher.Stopped += Watcher_Stopped;
    watcher.Received += Watcher_Received;
    watcher.Start();
    base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
}
private void Watcher_Stopped(BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcher sender,
    BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcherStoppedEventArgs args)
{ }
private void Watcher_Received(BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcher sender,
    BluetoothLEAdvertisementReceivedEventArgs args)
{
    Debug.WriteLine(args.Advertisement.LocalName);
    Debug.Write(args.RawSignalStrengthInDBm);
    if ((args.Advertisement.ManufacturerData.Count>0))
    {
        DataReader data =
            DataReader.FromBuffer(args.Advertisement.ManufacturerData[0].Data);
        Debug.Write(data.ReadString(
            args.Advertisement.ManufacturerData[0].Data.Length));
    }
}
protected override void OnNavigatedFrom(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    watcher.Stop();
    base.OnNavigatedFrom(e);
}

In fact, it’s not a complex task to create a watcher, but implementing your own application, you should not always watch all advertisements around. It’s better to watch exactly beacons that were designed for your application. That’s why the BluetoothLEAdvertisementWatcher class allows us to setup filters. In our case we have two filters: signal strength and company id. It can help us understand that we are too close to the beacon and that it’s exactly our service.

Working with beacons we have to note several things:

• In most cases you will work with the DataSections property. So, if you want to develop something cool, you have to learn Bluetooth LE Advertisement specification. Additionally, you may need to implement Eddystone and iBeacon specifications;
• You can see that beacon broadcasts the same data all time and if you run our application in the Debug mode, you will be able to see that the application prints advertisement message all time. So, it’s important to check if you already received the message to avoid duplicate actions;
• Above we implemented just foreground applications, but it’s not wisely. Probably, our application will not stay open all time even in the case of watcher. In the case of publisher, there is no sense to implement interface at all. That’s why it’s important to know how to work with Bluetooth in background. We will discuss background approach later;